Role of articulation in auditory and visual short-term memory

Two studies are reported which investigated the role of overt articulatory activity in the processing of visually and auditorily presented material. The results of Experiment I showed that letters which were either heard or articulated could be recalled from short-term memory (STM) while visually presented items, neither articulated nor heard, were recalled close to the chance level. Experiment II was a replication of Experiment I but using …