Microresistance spot welding of Kovar, steel, and nickel

Microresistance spot welding of 0.2–0.5 mm thickness Kovar, steel, and nickel using different types of power supply was investigated. The effects of process parameters (welding current/pulse energy, electrode force, and welding time/pulse width) on joint strength and nugget diameter were studied. The maximum values of welding current and nugget diameter that did not result in weld metal expulsion and/or electrode–sheet sticking were determined. …