Calculation of steady-state gains for multivariable systems from closed-loop steady-state data

Knowledge of steady-state process gains is required at various stages of control design or implementation. Traditionally, open-loop tests have been used to determine steady-state process gains for multivariable systems. The practical difficulty associated with this approach is that large, complex industrial units take a long time to reach a new steady-state in the open-loop operation. Hence, during the test process outputs drift and the …