Effects of encounters with fish on activity of sedentary benthic invertebrates

Most experiments on effects of anti-predator behaviours use small enclosures and study behaviour and development of prey in the constant and immediate presence of predators. While useful, such studies are difficult to relate to natural situations where prey and predators are unrestricted. We describe a system designed specifically to estimate the impact of fish on foraging of larval Chironomus tentans under field levels of encounters with fish. …