Electron spin resonance spectroscopy reveals alpha‐phenyl‐N‐tert‐butylnitrone spin‐traps free radicals in rat striatum and prevents haloperidol‐induced vacuous chewing movements in the rat model of human tardive dyskinesia

The typical antipsychotic drug haloperidol causes vacuous chewing movements (VCM) in rats, which are representative of early-Parkinsonian symptoms or later-onset extrapyramidal side effects of tardive dyskinesia (TD) in humans. Haloperidol (HP) has been hypothesized to potentiate increases in oxidative stress or free radical-mediated levels of toxic metabolites in rat striatum while simultaneous upregulating dopamine (DA)-D2 receptors leading …