Potential Formalisms in Electromagnetic-Field Analysis

The theory of electromagnetic (EM) potentials is as old as the Maxwell equations, which treat the field vectors ${\bf{E}}$ and ${\bf{H}}$ directly. Yet the vector and scalar potentials are often regarded as nothing more than an auxiliary mathematical concept, which does not necessarily reflect a physically existing phenomenon. This widely accepted opinion does not have sound theoretical or experimental validation. The EM potentials are as …