Numerical study on turbulence modulation in gas–particle flows

A mathematical model is proposed based on the Eulerian/Lagrangian approach to account for both the particle crossing trajectory effect and the extra turbulence production due to particle wake effects. The resulting model, together with existing models from the literature, is applied to two different particle-laden flow configurations, namely a vertical pipe flow and axisymmetric downward jet flow. The results show that the proposed model is able to provide improved predictions of the experimental results.